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Experiment Involving 22 Calves

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A. The calves learned quickly which side of the pen held the milk reward.
B. To gauge optimism and pessimism, the researchers set up an experiment involving 22 calves.
C. The hole at one end contained milk from a bottle, while the hole at the opposite end contained only an empty bottle and delivered a puff of air in calves' faces.
D. In the training, each calf entered a small pen and found a wall with five holes arranged in a horizontal line, two-and-a-half feet apart.
E. Before they started the experiment, they trained the calves to understand which of their choices would lead to a reward.
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  1. 1The calves learned quickly which side of the pen held the milk reward.
  2. 2To gauge optimism and pessimism, the researchers set up an experiment involving 22 calves.
  3. 3The hole at one end contained milk from a bottle, while the hole at the opposite end contained only an empty bottle and delivered a puff of air in calves' faces.
  4. 4In the training, each calf entered a small pen and found a wall with five holes arranged in a horizontal line, two-and-a-half feet apart.
  5. 5Before they started the experiment, they trained the calves to understand which of their choices would lead to a reward.

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Question, answer and explanation

A) The calves learned quickly which side of the pen held the milk reward. B) To gauge optimism and pessimism, the researchers set up an experiment involving 22 calves. C) The hole at one end contained milk from a bottle, while the hole at the opposite end contained only an empty bottle and delivered a puff of air in calves' faces. D) In the training, each calf entered a small pen and found a wall with five holes arranged in a horizontal line, two-and-a-half feet apart. E) Before they started the experiment, they trained the calves to understand which of their choices would lead to a reward.

Show answer and explanation

Answer: B, E, D, C, A

Explanation: This text describes the calf experiment step by step: why it was set up, how the calves were trained, the layout they faced, and what they learned. Paragraph 1 introduces the researchers and the experiment itself as an independent topic sentence, with no pronoun or connector pointing back to anything earlier. Paragraph 1 → 2: 'the experiment' repeats the noun paragraph 1 introduced, and 'they' refers to the researchers named there. Paragraph 2 → 3: 'In the training' repeats the idea of the calves being 'trained' that paragraph 2 just described, now detailing what it involved. Paragraph 3 → 4: 'The hole' repeats 'five holes' from paragraph 3, now specifying what each end of the wall contained. Paragraph 4 → 5: 'The calves' and 'milk reward' repeat the subject and the reward described in paragraph 4, now stating what they learned.